Regenwald auf Sumatra – Wo Sinne und Verstand aufeinandertreffen

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The last paradise on earth

The Leuser ecosystem on Sumatra - a name that makes nature conservation enthusiasts' hearts beat faster and at the same time should give them a twinge. Because here, on 2.6 million hectares of Indonesian rainforest, ¹ is the last place on our planet where tigers, elephants, orangutans and rhinos live together in the wild. ² Three times larger than Yellowstone National Park, this ecosystem is not only a biological marvel, but also one of the most important carbon sinks in Asia with at least 350 million tonnes of stored carbon. ³

But right now, when the protection of this unique habitat is more urgent than ever, international funding is collapsing. Following the cuts to US aid in March 2025, there is a lack of crucial funding for species conservation, ⁴ at the same time as the new black-red German government is also scaling back its commitment. It is a double stress test for nature - at the most unfavourable time imaginable.

Sumatra, Indonesia, Photo from Carla Moreau at Unsplash

A biodiversity hotspot under extreme pressure
The Leuser ecosystem is much more than just a national park. It stretches across the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra and includes lowland tropical rainforests, mountain rainforests, nine rivers, three lakes and over 185,000 hectares of carbon-rich peat bogs. ⁵ This diversity of landscapes makes it one of the most species-rich ecosystems in Southeast Asia and a crucial water reservoir for over four million people.

Leuser National Park, Sumatra

The megafauna living here is unique: of the only 400 Sumatran tigers left in the world, over 100 live in Leuser - one of the last two populations with enough females capable of reproducing. ⁶ Of the only 80 Sumatran rhinos still alive worldwide, 50 have found their last refuge here. ⁷ And 85% of all critically endangered Sumatran orangutans call these forests home. ⁸

Sumatran rhinoceros (Sumatran rhinoceros)

These figures are not just statistics - they are a countdown to extinction. Because while these species are fighting for survival, their habitats are disappearing at breathtaking speed. Incidentally, this is the reason why the idea of species conservation in zoos does not work. Zoos do not create reserve populations (ex-situ) that they will eventually release into the wild, even if zoos like to claim this: the basic assumption that there will still be original habitats at some point is simply wrong. Instead of investing several hundred million euros every year in ever new animal prisons that fulfil exactly one purpose - namely to make zoo visitors feel good - more would be done for species conservation if only a fraction of the money was invested in the protection of local habitats (in-situ).

Danau Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia, Photo from Dio Hasibuan at Unsplash

The reality is sobering: between 1985 and 2009, half of Sumatra's forests were destroyed. ⁹ Despite its protected status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Leuser ecosystem has lost a fifth of its lowland forests to illegal commercial activities in just five years. At this rate, the forest will be completely destroyed within two decades. It seems downright obscene when the German government states that it wants to become CO2 neutral by 2045, while at the same time we are destroying the last major CO2 sinks at the other end of the world.¹⁰

The rainforest canopy in Gunung Leuser National Park, Bukit Lawang, Sumatra

Whether we like it or not, according to international research, many large German and European companies are allegedly sourcing palm oil - directly or indirectly - from companies in Sumatra that are accused of deforestation in the Leuser ecosystem or other Indonesian rainforests. Beiersdorf (e.g. Nivea) sources palm oil from FAP Agri and its subcontractors, among others, who are accused of massive destruction of primeval forests - including in the Leuser ecosystem.¹¹¹² Palm oil from suspicious sources (First Resources, FAP Agri) enters the supply chains of Henkel and BASF via intermediaries. Both companies admit to sourcing via third parties, but do not check and certify completely.¹³ Unilever and other major international corporations have already been publicly criticised for stopping deliveries from "deforestation suppliers", although it is often difficult to check the supply chains.¹⁴¹⁵

Many NIVEA products contain palm oil - or to be more precise: they contain ingredients that are obtained from palm oil or palm kernel oil, so-called "derivatives". This applies not only to the classic NIVEA Creme, but also to most of the brand's products. These include, in particular, NIVEA Body Milk and Body Lotions, NIVEA Shower Gels and Shampoos, NIVEA Facial Care (e.g. day and night creams, cleansing gels), NIVEA After Sun, sun creams, deodorants and other care products. Beiersdorf/NIVEA openly states that numerous emulsifiers, surfactants and moisturisers (including glyceryl stearate, cetearyl alcohol, caprylic/capric triglyceride) are also palm oil-based.¹⁶¹⁷

Beiersdorf Nivea product range. Photo: iStock by Getty Images / MichaelJay, for editorial use only

If you think you can't buy anything there, sorry, I still have one. Nestlé actually takes hundreds of thousands of tonnes of palm oil every year worldwide. Palm oil is found in many well-known Nestlé products from almost all sectors - often in places where you would not immediately suspect it.

Which of the following Nestlé products with palm oil would you have thought of? KitKat (all varieties, including muesli and the popular KitKat Minis or KitKat Matcha)¹⁸¹⁹Lion, Nesquik Snacks or Choco Crossies also contain palm oil²⁰Cini Minis and Nesquik Cereals (recipe was changed from sunflower oil to palm oil in 2022, how perverse)²¹KitKat Cereal also contains palm oil²². Waffle ideas such as YES! or some Mövenpick ice cream products and various ready-made products, e.g. Maggi Fix products, sauces, instant noodles and children's products such as Nesquik or Nido may contain palm oil²³²⁴. Confectionery for children and new snack products have also switched back to palm oil in recent years (sometimes temporarily, sometimes permanently), for example to save costs.²⁵.

Lion, Kit Kat and Nuts chocolate bars from Nestlé

The origin of the palm oil in Nestlé products is openly criticised and there are major doubts about genuine sustainability. As recently as 2023, a fact check revealed this: Nestlé sources palm oil from international companies such as Wilmar, Golden Agri Resources (GAR), Sime Darby, Cargill and Oleo-Fats - the very companies that have attracted attention in Indonesia, Malaysia and especially Sumatra for destroying rainforests, land theft and rights violations.²⁶²⁷.

In theory, it would be easy for the company to report its supply chains so transparently that the sustainability of its production leaves no room for doubt. But that is precisely what Nestlé does not do.

Instant noodles. Many ready meals, sauces and "Maggi Fix" products can contain cheap palm oil.

So why doesn't Nestlé show us where the sustainably produced palm oil comes from? Let's take a look at a few figures, just for the sake of it, because I like figures so much.

Around 80-82 million tonnes of palm oil will be produced worldwide in 2024/2025. The main producers are Indonesia (approx. 47-50 million tonnes) and Malaysia (approx. 19-20 million tonnes) and together they cover over 85 % of the global market.²⁸²⁹

The share of sustainably produced palm oil in the global palm oil market is negligible. Only around 19-20 % of global production (as of 2025) meets the basic minimum standard of "RSPO-certified". That is around 15-16 million tonnes per year. However, RSPO is not an organic or Fairtrade label, but an industry-specific minimum standard.³⁰³¹ And 4 out of 5 kg do not even meet this minimum standard. Organic-certified palm oil (e.g. EU organic, Naturland, Demeter) is estimated to account for only 0.4-0.6 % of total global production; that is around 300,000-500,000 tonnes per year. Organic palm oil comes mainly from Africa and South America; the proportion in Sumatra/Indonesia is low. Although demand is growing, it is lagging well behind the overall market.³²³³ And if it can also be fairly traded - which is an essential feature of sustainability, isn't it? - this market is tiny. The global share is less than 0.20 %, i.e. less than 160,000 tonnes per year. Only a few projects worldwide currently fulfil both standards (Bio & Fair/Fair for Life or Fairtrade).³⁴³⁵

Of all palm oil products worldwide, only around 1 in 200 litres comes from organic cultivation and only a fraction of this (<0.2 %) actually comes from certified fair trade. The vast majority of palm oil is conventional and often associated with ecological/social abuses.

Consumption and processing are clearly concentrated on "big food" and cosmetics giants, some of which purchase several hundred thousand to over a million tonnes per year.³⁶³⁷³⁸ In recent years, Nestlé has produced around 445,000 to 455,000 tonnes of palm oil (including palm kernel oil) per year - as of 2023/2024.³⁹⁴⁰

But if less than 160,000 tonnes per year are produced fairly and even less organically and Nestlé processes 445,000 to 455,000 tonnes of palm oil (including palm kernel oil) per year... Perhaps these figures have something to do with why Nestlé has been keeping quiet for years?

Palm oil plantation

Nestlé itself admits that only 70% of palm oil was certified as deforestation-free in 2020 - which in any case only means that these areas were not cleared for first use and are far removed from organic or even fair trade. This means that a significant proportion comes from supply chains where deforestation and land conflicts cannot be ruled out - especially in the Leuser ecosystem on Sumatra.⁴¹⁴². A considerable proportion of the palm oil used for KitKat and the like is proven to come from plantations whose establishment and expansion is responsible for large-scale forest loss - and thus for the threat to the Sumatran orangutan, Sumatran tiger, Sumatran rhinoceros and elephant.⁴³⁴⁴.

Oil palm plantation on the edge of the rainforest, where trees are cut down to clear land for agriculture in Southeast Asia

Nestlé emphasises that it wants to use only responsibly produced palm oil by 2025. Nevertheless, there is repeated evidence from environmental organisations that palm oil from the destruction of virgin forests - for example via Wilmar or GAR - still ends up in the system.⁴⁵⁴⁶

Nestlé continues to be heavily criticised for sourcing palm oil from sources that are directly linked to the destruction of primary forests in Sumatra - despite RSPO certification and promises of sustainability. The supply chain remains opaque, with large parts of the palm oil coming via middlemen from the very plantations that are partly responsible for serious rainforest damage.

Some of these companies are now emphasising increased audits and supposedly sustainable sourcing. However, research shows that even certified palm oil still often comes from areas that were previously primary forest.⁴⁷

Companies and brands can still contribute directly or indirectly to the destruction of the rainforest in Sumatra through non-transparent and complex supply chains - despite eco-labelling.⁴⁸⁴⁹

Thomas Leaf Monkey (Presbytis thomasi) in Gunung Leuser National Park, Bukit Lawang, Sumatra

And the main threat to these Indonesian habitats is the expansion of palm oil plantations. With the increasing global demand for palm oil, companies are illegally encroaching on the last protected areas. ⁵⁰ Added to this are illegal logging, mining, drainage of moors and the construction of roads, which further fragment the ecosystem. And that is a damn problem, however inconspicuous the road may look.

Road through oil palm plantation

Many animal species that live in primary forests - i.e. in original forests that have been little influenced by humans - roam huge areas. They depend on being able to move freely between feeding, mating and resting areas. The roaming areas of the Sumatran tiger, for example, can be between 150 and over 1,000 square kilometres in size. Relative to these dimensions, a single road sometimes cuts the entire range of a single tiger or a small population in two and prevents essential genetic exchange.⁵¹

Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae)

Or let's take a look at the migration routes of Sumatran elephants. Family groups use contiguous rainforests within a radius of 100-500 km², depending on the study, for their migrations, often along traditional routes that they have used for generations.⁵²

Elephants in Buluh Cina Nature Tourism Park, Riau on Sumatra

Not forgetting my personal favourites: Sumatran orangutans. Males sometimes cover several kilometres a day in search of food and potential sexual partners - distances of up to 10 km/day can be measured, and the individual home range of males often adds up to 2,500 ha (25 km²).⁵³

The construction of a single road can have fatal consequences. It cuts up migration routes and territories, which leads to the isolation of population groups - they are less able to interact with other groups, the gene pool shrinks and susceptibility to disease increases.

Sumatran peacock in Gunung Leuser National Park

Many species avoid open spaces such as roads - they often represent an insurmountable barrier for animals, especially for non-flying species. Roads bring additional dangers: They open up forests to poachers, illegal loggers and settlers, increasing destruction exponentially.⁵⁴

According to surveys, around 95% of rainforest destruction takes place less than 5 kilometres from a road.⁵⁵

Thomas leaf monkey. Bukit Lawang, Gunung Leuser

This can be observed particularly drastically in the Leuser ecosystem: Just a few new roads have opened up large areas of rainforest to "legal" and illegal access, reducing and fragmenting the habitats of countless animals. The construction of roads, also known as "development", is therefore often regarded as the main driver of species decline in the tropical rainforest.⁵⁶⁵⁷

Poaching adds to the pressure. Every Sumatran orangutan female killed, for example, can accelerate the extinction of the species due to its exceptionally long birth intervals. Studies show that even a minimal increase in annual shooting rates from one to two per cent could lead to the extinction of the species. ⁵⁸

The heroes in the field: Forum Konservasi
Leuser In the midst of these threats, true heroes of nature conservation are at work: the rangers of Forum Konservasi Leuser (FKL), a local NGO based in Aceh. ⁵⁹ This organisation was founded in 2013 and takes a different approach to many international programmes. It relies on close cooperation with the people affected, local authorities and scientifically supported conservation programmes - very similar to what we do with Wilderness International in Canada and Peru.

The FKL team of over 100 people regularly patrols the most endangered areas of the ecosystem. ⁶⁰ Their tasks are varied and sometimes life-threatening:
- Wildlife protection patrols: Teams of five people each roam the jungle for a fortnight, equipped with rucksacks, tents and GPS devices
- Trap disarming: Collecting and destroying snares that are deadly for tigers, elephants and other wild animals
- Monitoring forest crime: tracking down illegal loggers and palm oil plantations
- Co-operation with authorities: Reporting illegal activities to law enforcement
- Forest restoration: reforestation of illegally cleared areas

The danger of their work, not only due to the fight against organised crime, became clear at the end of January 2023 when a tiger attacked four FKL rangers - the first negative tiger contact in their years of work. ⁶¹ But despite such risks, they continue their vital work.

Successes that give hope
The work of the FKL is already showing impressive results. Over the past three years, it and its partners have been able to: ⁶²
- Close 24+ illegal plantations and stop 36 illegal logging operations
- Restoring over 30 illegal palm oil plantations to natural forest
- Conduct 100+ anti-poaching patrols with several arrests
- Establish a 400,000-hectare Benkung Trumon wildlife sanctuary for megafauna
- Securing international support from the EU, USA and other nations

These successes are all the more remarkable because they were achieved with limited resources. NGOs like FKL have never had the millions at their disposal that zoos usually play with. But now that even the last bit of state funding is disappearing, this important work is in jeopardy.

The financing crisis: fatal timing
Just when the protection of the Leuser ecosystem is crucial, international support is collapsing. In February 2025, the Trump administration announced massive cuts to USAID, the US development agency that funds many conservation projects worldwide. ⁶³ 83 per cent of USAID funding has been stopped, leading to a collapse in supplies for millions of people and conservation projects.

At the same time, Germany is also scaling back its commitment. The new black-red federal government is cutting the BMZ budget by almost one billion euros, which has been criticised as a "fatal signal at the wrong time". ⁶⁴ The cuts specifically affect Germany's contributions to the preservation of livelihoods in bilateral development cooperation.

This double burden is hitting the Leuser ecosystem at the worst possible time. Following the US cuts in March 2025, there is already a lack of funding to protect the unique biodiversity. ⁶⁵

Cover picture: Rainforest in Gunung Leuser National Park in Sumatra, Indonesia

Why acting now is crucial
The current situation makes it clear why private commitment and support for local organisations are more important than ever. While governments are reorganising their priorities and putting climate protection on the back burner, ⁶⁶ it is the people on the ground, such as the FKL rangers, who make the decisive difference.

Protecting the original habitat is the basis for real species conservation - not keeping them in zoos, which is more show business than conservation. If we want to save the last 50 Sumatran rhinos, the last viable Sumatran tiger populations and 85% of all Sumatran orangutans, then we must protect their habitat.

Orangutans Asto and Asih

Asto and Asih need a home
The urgency is made clear by personal stories like those of Asto and Asih - two Sumatran orangutan females who were rescued from illegal keeping in 2021 and whose care and reintroduction programme I am responsible for. Asto was about four years old at the time, Asih two years. They were rescued by the Sumatran Rescue Alliance (SRA) and are now being rehabilitated at a centre in North Sumatra to prepare them for life in the wild.

Both start their "Jungle School" in the forest areas of the rescue centre and learn again how orangutans should live: climbing in the trees, looking for natural food, free. But their final home will be the Leuser Forest - if it still exists, when they are ready to be released into the wild. And that doesn't require zoos and certainly not captive-bred animals that will never be released into the wild anyway. Let's first protect the many animals and their habitats that are already there instead of breeding more and more animals and then killing them off when we no longer know what to do with them - greetings go out to the Nuremberg Zoo and its mendacious director Dag Encke. Also known as "the baboon killer".

Orangutans like Asto and Asih share 97% of their DNA with us humans. In Malay, "orang" means person and "utan" comes from "hutan" (forest) - they are literally the "people of the forest". Their intelligence and patience are legendary, with many stories of orangutans escaping from zoos after watching their keepers open and close doors.

What you can do now
Time is running out, it's actually too late. It will be bad in any case. How bad it gets is in our hands. Genuine species conservation begins with protecting the original habitat, and that only works with the support of the local people who risk their lives for these forests every day.

You can help in a concrete way:
- Shop consciously and avoid products containing palm oil, because palm oil practically always sucks. The figures were really clear, don't you think?
- Support for the Forum Konservasi Leuser via a German association: The local rangers need equipment, food and salaries ⁶⁷
- Direct support for Forum Konservasi Leuser: support where it is most urgently needed [/footnote] Donate 🌐 https://leuserconservancy.or.id/donate/ [/footnote]
- Participation in land purchase initiatives: Direct protection of threatened forest areas ⁶⁸
- Support for orangutan rescue programmes: Rehabilitation and release of rescued animals [/footnote] Donate 🌐 https://www.theorangutanproject.eu/donate/ [/footnote]
- Or you can take part in this year's Mega Donation Marathon 2024 & 2025, which starts in a few hours and supports several great projects.

The alternative is bleak: if this funding gap is not closed, the Leuser ecosystem could be completely destroyed within the next two decades. With it, the last viable populations of four of our planet's most charismatic large mammals would disappear.

It is up to all of us to ensure that Asto and Asih - and all other "people of the forest" - have a home in the future. Because real conservation doesn't happen in political committees or zoos, but where brave people patrol dangerous forests every day, defusing traps and stopping illegal activities.

The time to act is now. The Leuser Forest is not waiting for political decisions - it needs our immediate help.

List of sources

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27
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28
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52
The Leuser ecosystem: Sumatra's endangered species need help 🌐 https://www.nepadawild.life/das-leuser-oekosystem-sumatras-bedrohte-arten-brauchen-hilfe/
53
The Leuser ecosystem: Sumatra's endangered species need help 🌐 https://www.nepadawild.life/das-leuser-oekosystem-sumatras-bedrohte-arten-brauchen-hilfe/
54
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55
Road construction - the rainforest is being opened up 🌐 https://www.faszination-regenwald.de/info-center/zerstoerung/strassenbau/
56
The Leuser ecosystem: Sumatra's endangered species need help 🌐 https://www.nepadawild.life/das-leuser-oekosystem-sumatras-bedrohte-arten-brauchen-hilfe/
57
Road construction - the rainforest is being opened up 🌐 https://www.faszination-regenwald.de/info-center/zerstoerung/strassenbau/
58
Sumatran orangutans in the WWF species encyclopaedia: facts & figures 🌐 https://www.wwf.de/themen-projekte/artenlexikon/sumatra-orang-utan
59
Profiles - Leuser Conservation Forum 🌐 https://leuserconservancy.or.id/profile/
60
Forum Konservasi Leuser 🌐 https://www.internationaltigerproject.org/what-we-do/forum-konservasi-leuser/
61
Tigers hurt rangers in the Leuser ecosystem 🌐 https://www.regenwald.org/news/11208/tiger-verletzt-ranger-im-leuser-oekosystem
62
Leuser Ecosystem, Sumatra, Indonesia 🌐 https://globalconservation.org/projects/leuser-ecosystem-sumatra-indonesia
63
Cuts from USAID 🌐 https://www.gemeinsam-fuer-afrika.de/kuerzungen-von-usaid/
64
Massive cuts in the BMZ budget 🌐 https://www.wwf.de/2025/juli/pressestatement-zum-bmz-haushalt
65
The Leuser ecosystem: Sumatra's endangered species need help 🌐 https://www.nepadawild.life/das-leuser-oekosystem-sumatras-bedrohte-arten-brauchen-hilfe/
66
Climate policy in 100 days: "Black-Red takes a step ... 🌐 https://www.tagesschau.de/wissen/klima/bundesregierung-klimapolitik-100.html
67
Nepada Wildlife e.V. Donation for the FKL rangers on Sumatra 🌐 https://www.nepadawild.life/unterstuetzen/
68
We are buying a piece of this irreplaceable natural paradise 🌐 https://action.eko.org/a/wir-kaufen-ein-stueck-von-diesem-unersetzlichen-naturparadies

Rainforest on Sumatra

List of sources

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Rainforest on Sumatra

List of sources

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